QuinnSam
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ÿþFelid social systems have been characterized puma satin sneakers as solitary with exclusive territories within the sexes ( Sunquist and Sunquist 2002 ). Females generally occupy a range that encompasses enough prey for themselves and their dependents, whereas ranges of males are defined by maximizing access to females while maintaining enough food for individual survival (e.g., leopards [ Panthera pardus Mizutani and Jewell 1998 ], tigers [ Panthera tigris Sunquist 1981 ], and jaguars [ Panthera onca Schaller and Crawshaw 1980 ; Scognamillo et al. 2002 ]).
Conversely, lower densities of females with larger and less-stable ranges are associated with overlapping ranges of dominant males, in this case roaming presumably becomes a more effective mate-acquisition strategy ( Sandell 1989 ; Sunquist and Sunquist 2002 ).These generic patterns are not observed in all field studies. Ranges of males overlap for jaguars, pumas, and leopards in areas where densities of females are high and ranges are overlapping ( Muckenhirn and Eisenberg 1973 ; Núñez puma shoe deals et al. 2002 ). In this case, it seems likely that males as well as females are responding to clumped distributions of prey, and dominance hierarchies may be expressed in other ways than exclusive territories.
Here we analyze temporal and spatial interactions between a uniquely large sample of individuals to tackle 2 fundamental questions about puma shoes online the function of jaguar movements in resource exploitation: Does spatial overlap of ranges of males depend on hierarchies of residence? Are temporal interactions of jaguars with pumas distinguishable from conspecific interactions? These components of behavior were sampled more representatively than is possible with telemetry by using an array of more than 100 camera stations. Camera traps were placed on established and newly opened trails traversing the dense forest matrix.
These trails are the major corridors of travel for both jaguars and pumas, and individuals present within the immediate area of a camera are reliably caught on camera ( Harmsen 2006 ; Maffei et al. 2004 ; Rabinowitz and Nottingham 1986 puma shoes outlet ). Additional high-density camera arrays sampling small areas (10 km 2 ) on and off trails showed that off-trail photographs of jaguars were accompanied in 95% of the instances by on-trail photographs of the same individuals on the same day ( Harmsen 2006 ). We were therefore able to use the time interval between individual captures at a camera location as an index of presence in an area, with longer intervals between recaptures of the same individual indicating that it had traveled farther away.
Temporal avoidance or attraction of jaguars and pumas was further analyzed by comparing the number of days between consecutive jaguar jaguar captures, puma puma captures, jaguar puma captures, and puma jaguar captures at a camera station. A general linear model was run on the response of capture interval, calculated between each capture and the next. These data were tested against cross factors "Capturel," identifying the initial capture as either jaguar or puma, and "Capture2," identifying the subsequent capture as either jaguar or puma. Camera location was added to the model as a random block creating the following model:The response was logio-transformed to approximate a normal distribution of the residuals and equal variances.
Data were used only from camera locations with e"3 captures per single species ( n = 22 camera stations). The runs test was performed on the pooled data set ( n = 853 cat puma shoes price captures). This analysis used only cameras separated by >2 km.Capture frequency of jaguars and pumas was positively correlated at each camera location ( r = 0.65 between log 10 captures, P n = 93) indicating that both species used the same areas ( Fig. 4a ). However, jaguars and pumas did not appear to use the same areas at the same time: capture rates of jaguars and pumas were never simultaneously high at the same location within the same month ( Fig. 4b ; Pearson correlation between logio nonzero captures, [img]http://www.agentbures.com/images/shoes/puma satin sneakers-535urq.jpg[/img] r = 0.09, P = 0.17, n = 258). |
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